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Crypto-Tax Reform: Stablecoins

So far, apart from Cryptoasset Reporting Framework, the UK has not really seen any tax legislation dealing specifically with cryptoassets. Instead, it has relied upon existing tax laws, and guidance that attempts to apply these laws to the new possibilities thrown up by modern technology.

However, that will soon be changing, as the government has recently published draft legislation setting out two helpful changes to tax law, specifically in relation to cryptoassets.

This article sets out one of those changes, relating to stablecoins. The other change, relating to loans and liquidity pools, is covered in a separate article.

Stablecoins and Capital Gains Tax

At present, stablecoins sit in a slightly odd position tax-wise. People very commonly acquire stablecoins pegged to the value of a foreign currency (most usually USD).  In most cases foreign currency held by an individual will be exempt from Capital Gains Tax (CGT), either because it is held in a foreign currency bank account, or because it is physical cash acquired for personal spending.

However, the existing exemptions do not necessarily apply to stablecoins.  This means that if you purchase stablecoins denominated in a foreign currency, and then by the time you spend them that foreign currency has increased in value relative to GBP, you would have made a taxable gain.

This might mean that a person could have a CGT liability on their stablecoin transactions, and even if they do not, it would still be extremely burdensome to have to try to keep track of gains and losses without specialist software.  There is therefore the risk that people will either (1) be entirely unaware of the CGT issues; (2) deliberately choose to ignore the CGT issues; or (3) be deterred from using stablecoins as a form of payment due to the tax complications.

The government has recognised this problem and earlier this year ran a call for evidence.  Jack Burroughs of Quastels’ Private Wealth and Tax Team provided comments to this on behalf of the Society of Trust and Estate Practitioners (STEP).

We can now see the draft legislation that is due to form part of the next Finance Bill and take effect from 6 April 2027.  This will have the effect of making eligible stablecoins exempt from CGT.

In order to be classed as an eligible stablecoin, the requirements are that:

“it is reasonable to assume that—

(a) a sufficient amount of any currency or other assets are held for the purposes of it maintaining a stable value in relation to sterling or another currency, and

(b) it is designed to be used as a means of payment or settlement.”

In addition, the stablecoin must be widely available.

Note that the definition deliberately only includes asset-backed stablecoins, and therefore algorithmic stablecoins would not qualify for this exemption.

Stablecoins and Income Tax

In addition, the legislation will address another oddity of stablecoin taxation, by treating a return in stablecoins paid in connection with a cryptoasset debt as being interest.

At present, if Alice lends $10,000 worth of USDC to Bob, and Bob agrees to pay Alice back $10,500 worth of USDC after a year, additional $500 of USD would not be classed as interest, but instead taxed as miscellaneous income. However, under the new rules, it will be taxed as income. 

Tax law might gradually be catching up with the modern day, but there’s no sign that it’s going to get any less complicated.  If you’re transacting in cryptoassets and would like to understand your tax position, the cryptoasset tax specialists in the Private Wealth and Tax Team at Quastels will be happy to help.

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Don’t Let the London Social Season Cost You More Than Your Summer Wardrobe: UK Tax Residence Considerations

No city does summer quite like London. From Royal Ascot and Wimbledon to the Chelsea Flower Show, Henley Royal Regatta, Glyndebourne and the Goodwood Festival of Speed, the city’s social calendar from June to August is non-stop. For those whose lives span multiple time zones and whose summers follow the international social circuit, London is rarely a single trip – it is a series of events, extended stays and spontaneous decisions to stay on just a little longer. It is worth being aware, however, that spending time in the UK carries tax implications that are easy to overlook. Stay long enough, and HMRC may consider you a UK tax resident, with consequences that extend well beyond a hotel bill.

The rules are more objective than many people realise. Under UK tax law, residence is not a matter of personal choice, formal declaration or immigration status. It is determined by a structured set of statutory rules, and once a threshold has been crossed in a given tax year, the position cannot be undone retrospectively.

Understanding where you stand before you travel, or before extending your trip, is therefore crucial to avoid inadvertently becoming UK tax resident.

So how does the UK determine tax residence?

Since 6 April 2013, UK tax residence has been determined under the Statutory Residence Test. The Statutory Residence Test is a structured framework that applies each tax year (running from 6 April to 5 April) and works through a series of tests in sequence.

The starting question is whether you meet an automatic overseas test, which would confirm you are not UK resident without needing to go further. If you do not, the test moves to whether you meet an automatic UK test, which would confirm you are UK resident. If neither automatic test applies, your residence is determined by the sufficient ties test, a more nuanced calculation that takes into account both how many days you spend in the UK and how many connecting factors (called “ties”) you have to the country.

The key day-count thresholds

Spending 183 or more days in the UK in a single tax year will make you automatically UK tax resident, regardless of any other circumstances. Below that day count, the position depends on how connected you are to the UK.

HMRC looks at a set of factors, known as “ties”, such as whether you have family living here, whether you have access to accommodation in the UK, or whether you have spent significant time here in previous years. The more ties you have, the fewer days it takes to become resident.

For those who have been non-resident throughout the three prior tax years, the threshold ranges from as many as 182 days for those with minimal UK connections down to 45 days for those with the maximum number of ties. For those who have been UK tax resident in the three prior tax years, the day-count tightens further at each level of connection, to as few as 15 days for the most connected individuals.

For those who work full-time overseas, the Statutory Residence Test contains a specific automatic overseas test which, if met, overrides the sufficient ties thresholds altogether, potentially increasing the number of days that can be spent in the UK even for the most connected individuals. The conditions are specific and advice should be taken if you think this test may be relevant.

How days are counted and why it matters

A day counts for the Statutory Residence Test purposes if you are in the UK at midnight. Although it is worth noting that the Statutory Residence Test contains specific anti-avoidance provisions targeting those who seek to manage their day count by departing the UK before midnight. 

This means that even a short stay, such as arriving one afternoon and leaving the following morning, counts as a day. For individuals with a busy international schedule, the risk of an inadvertent overcount is very real.

Days accumulate quickly across a season of events, and the relevant day-count thresholds can be reached faster than expected.

A public life leaves a public trail

For those who live publicly, and whose movements are routinely documented and visible online, day counting is not just advisable, it is essential. Tax authorities do not rely solely on self-declaration or formal filings. They have access to a wide range of third-party data, and in an era where so much of daily life is recorded digitally, the ability to reconstruct where someone has actually been has never been greater.

The approach taken by French tax authorities in recent months offers a striking illustration. In scrutinising the residency claim of French international footballer Samir Nasri, who maintained that he was tax resident in Dubai, the French authorities drew on lifestyle data, including travel patterns and food delivery orders, to challenge his declared position and establish that he was, in substance, spending sufficient time in France to be regarded as a French tax resident.

HMRC operates with comparable capabilities. The UK’s tax authority has extensive data-gathering powers to verify residence claims. For internationally mobile individuals with a visible online presence, publicly available content, location tags and digital activity can all form part of the picture that a tax authority constructs.

An accurate, contemporaneous record of where you actually were is far more persuasive than one reconstructed at the end of the year, and far more reliable than assuming that a declared address will go unchallenged.

What are the consequences of inadvertent UK tax residence?

If you become UK tax resident in a given year, you become liable to UK tax on your worldwide income and gains for that year, not just income arising in the UK. 

For those who are based in lower-tax or no-tax jurisdictions and have not previously engaged with the UK tax system, early awareness is particularly valuable. Once the relevant day count threshold has been crossed in a given tax year, unless limited exceptional circumstances apply, it cannot be reversed. This means that income, or capital gains, none of which may have been taxable at home, could fall within the scope of UK tax if UK residence is established.

There is, however, one important source of potential relief worth noting. Where an individual becomes UK tax resident part way through a tax year, split year treatment may apply. If available, this allows the tax year to be divided, so that liability to UK tax on worldwide income and gains arises only from the point at which UK residence begins, rather than for the full tax year. Whether split year treatment is
available depends on the individual’s specific circumstances, but where it does apply, it can materially limit the scope of the exposure.

What should you do?

Planning ahead is the most effective approach. If London is a regular part of your year, whether for the social season, for a series of events, or simply because you enjoy being here, there are three practical steps worth taking:

1. Track your days:

Keep a running record of every date you are in the UK. Your phone’s location history and travel bookings are a useful starting point, but a dedicated log updated as you go is the most reliable approach. Do not rely on memory or a rough estimate at the end of the year.

2. Know your ties:

The test is not just about days, it also turns on whether you have certain connections to the UK. An accommodation tie is one of the most commonly overlooked. A family tie, a work tie, or a history of spending significant time here in previous years can all shift the threshold at which you become resident.

3. Get advice before you approach the relevant threshold:

Depending on your prior history and connections to the UK, the point at which residence becomes a risk could be as low as 15 days. The London social season is one of the highlights of the international calendar, and with a little preparation, and by taking advice before you cross your relevant threshold, it need not bring any unwelcome tax consequences.

To discuss any of the points raised in this article, your circumstances, and how we can help, please get in touch.  

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Inheritance Tax Investigations Hit Six-Year High: Common Mistakes That Could Trigger an HMRC Enquiry and How to Plan

It has recently come to light that HMRC is investigating more inheritance tax returns than it has in six years.

According to recent figures, HMRC opened 4,940 formal inheritance tax enquiries during 2025/26 which amounts to an 18% increase on the previous year. At the same time, nearly 5,000 further estates were referred to HMRC’s compliance team for review before a formal investigation was even opened. This appears to indicate a direction of travel and more resources being applied to collecting IHT.

For executors and beneficiaries (at an already difficult and emotional time) an HMRC enquiry can lead to months of additional administration, requests for extensive documentation, avoidable professional fees and, in some cases, unexpected tax liabilities, interest and penalties.

As advisers, we find that many investigations are triggered by common and avoidable mistakes, often a result of not taking advice at the relevant time. Understanding what HMRC looks for and how to plan effectively for an inheritance tax return can help reduce the risk of an enquiry and ensure an estate is administered as smoothly as possible.

Why are HMRC inheritance tax investigations increasing?

There are many reasons that explain the rise in HMRC enquiries, which we run through in this article.

Among them are frozen inheritance tax thresholds, rising property values over time, cross-border complexities (and ignorance as to these complexities) and increasingly complex family wealth. While these factors become more common, HMRC has also invested significantly in compliance and is placing greater emphasis on identifying inaccurate or incomplete returns.

It is important to add, however, that a higher number of investigations does not necessarily mean more people are deliberately avoiding tax. In fact, many enquiries arise because HMRC requires further information before it is satisfied that an estate has been valued correctly. As mentioned above and throughout this article, the stress and work triggered by such an enquiry (even where tax has been paid accurately) can be prevented in the first place.

Undervaluing property in an inheritance tax return

One of the most common reasons for an inheritance tax enquiry is the valuation of residential or investment property, which is often and understandably the most valuable asset in an individual’s estate.

HMRC regularly reviews valuations where:

• properties appear significantly below local market values;
• no professional valuation has been obtained;
• development potential has not been considered; or
• comparable sales suggest a higher value.

Obtaining an independent valuation from an appropriately qualified surveyor can significantly reduce the likelihood of questions being raised later.

Failure to declare lifetime gifts to HMRC

Even for those who are not tax advisers like us, the “seven-year rule” will sound familiar and be broadly understood.

Lifetime gifts may still need to be disclosed even where no inheritance tax is ultimately payable. HMRC frequently examines:

• large transfers of cash;
• gifts of property;
• transfers into trust; and
• gifts made shortly before death.

Executors should ensure they have a complete picture of any lifetime gifting before submitting an inheritance tax return, but this can be aided by individuals keeping records of such gifts during their lifetime.

Gifts where the donor continued to benefit from the asset

Although the seven-year rule is often mentioned, the gift with reservation of benefit rules are generally not understood.

For example, if someone transfers their home to a child but continues living there without paying a full market rent, HMRC may still treat the property as remaining within their estate for inheritance tax purposes. This is despite the fact that the parents, in this scenario, think they have effectively carried out inheritance tax planning.

These arrangements are a common focus of HMRC enquiries and they underscore the need for professional advice when considering lifetime gifts to mitigate inheritance tax.

Missing assets from the inheritance tax return

HMRC has increasing access to financial information from a range of sources.

Bank accounts, investments, shareholdings, overseas assets and business interests should all be identified and accurately reported. Even unintentional omissions can result in delays while HMRC requests further information. This is increasingly the case with assets such as crypto assets. Again, this highlights the need for executors to put in place not simply a Will but to also record accurately details of their assets and provide access to them at the relevant time. In other words, the contents of the safe are immaterial without the keys to access them.

Incorrect Business Property Relief or Agricultural Property Relief claims

Business Property Relief (BPR) and Agricultural Property Relief (APR) can provide valuable inheritance tax savings, but they are also subject to detailed conditions and come with their complexity, particularly given the reforms to these reliefs in recent years. In a nutshell, complacency and assumptions rarely work when it comes to tax planning and that is certainly the case with APR and BPR.

HMRC will often examine:

• whether a business/ farmland genuinely qualifies;
• whether investment activities outweighed trading activities;
• ownership periods; and
• the nature of the assets involved.

Specialist advice is particularly important where reliefs are being claimed.

Inconsistent information across probate documents and inheritance tax documents

The information submitted to HMRC should align with probate applications and supporting documentation.

Differences between property values, asset schedules or financial information can prompt HMRC to ask further questions, even where the discrepancy is simply an administrative error.

Careful preparation before submission can avoid unnecessary delays.

Poor record keeping by executors

Executors are responsible for demonstrating how estate values have been calculated.

HMRC may request:

• property valuations;
• bank statements;
• investment schedules;
• gift records;
• trust documentation;
• correspondence; and
• supporting calculations.

The better the records, the easier it is to respond to any enquiry.

Failing to disclose overseas assets

International families often have assets in multiple jurisdictions.

Foreign property, offshore bank accounts, overseas investments and non-UK trusts can all create additional reporting requirements and significant complexity.

Failure to disclose overseas assets accurately is an area that receives increasing scrutiny from HMRC.

In addition, we often find Wills to be inadequate to cover the relevant jurisdictions and specialist advice is crucial to overcome these cross-border issues.

Complex family arrangements

Modern families are often more complex than first anticipated.

Second marriages, blended families, family companies, trusts and jointly owned assets can all affect inheritance tax outcomes.

Seeking advice before submitting returns can help avoid costly mistakes later.

Leaving inheritance tax planning until it’s too late

Perhaps the biggest mistake is assuming inheritance tax planning only becomes relevant after someone has died or when old age kicks in (at which point it can be too late).

Effective lifetime planning can include:

• making use of available gift exemptions;
• reviewing wills regularly;
• considering trusts where appropriate;
• ensuring assets are correctly owned; and
• reviewing eligibility for available inheritance tax reliefs.

Planning early can not only reduce inheritance tax but also make the administration of an estate significantly easier for executors and beneficiaries.

What should executors do if HMRC opens an enquiry?

Receiving an HMRC enquiry does not necessarily mean anything has been done wrong.

Many enquiries simply involve requests for additional information or clarification. However, responding promptly, accurately and with appropriate professional advice can help resolve matters more efficiently.

Executors should avoid making assumptions, ensure all supporting evidence is retained and seek legal advice where valuations, gifts or relief claims may be challenged.

How can you reduce the risk of an inheritance tax investigation?

Although scrutiny cannot be entirely prevented, there are several practical steps that can reduce the likelihood of an HMRC enquiry:

• Obtain professional valuations for significant assets.
• Keep detailed records of lifetime gifts.
• Review inheritance tax planning regularly rather than leaving it until later life.
• Ensure all assets and liabilities are disclosed accurately.
• Take specialist advice where trusts, businesses, agricultural assets or overseas property are involved.

How Quastels can help

Inheritance tax investigations are becoming more common, but careful planning and expert advice can make a significant difference.

Whether you are planning your estate, acting as an executor or responding to an HMRC enquiry, obtaining specialist advice at an early stage can help minimise delays, reduce uncertainty and ensure that the estate is administered correctly.

Quastels’ Private Wealth team advises individuals, families, executors and trustees on all aspects of inheritance tax planning, estate administration, wills, trusts and HMRC enquiries. If you would like advice tailored to your circumstances, please get in touch with our team to discuss how we can help.

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